Psychology D98: Cognition, Personality, and Motivation

Objectives:

• 1) To acquaint you with the fundamental vocabulary and logic of cognitive psychology as it relates to personality and clinical psychology.
• 2) To develop your interest in applying cognitive techniques and theories to clinical phenomena.
• 3) To acquaint you with some of the relevant literature in personality theory as it relates to cognitive and motivational approaches to normal and pathological behavior.

TEXTS:

• Baddeley, A. and Weiskrantz, L. (1993). Attention: Selection, awareness, and control: A tribute to Donald Broadbent. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Nyborg, H. (Ed). (1997). The scientific study of human nature: Tribute to Hans Eysenck at eighty. Oxford; Elsevier (Pergamon).

Requirements:

• Class participation is essential. You will be expected to have read and be able to comment on the target readings for each week.
• A term project culminating in a paper (written in NIH grant format--see the forms for preparing grant proposals) that reviews a body of literature and proposes ways to test specific hypotheses relating cognitive and motivational theory to clinical phenomena. Appointments will be scheduled during the term to discuss your general topic and progress towards its completion.

Overview:

• I. Individual differences and experimental psychology: One or two disciplines? -
• II. Personality Taxonomies and Personality Structure
• III.Individual differences in cognitive ability:. Intelligence
• IV: Cognitive Resource Theories
• V: Personality and Motivational effects as limitations of resources
• VI: Cognitive Contents and Personality
• VII: Structural Properties of Cognition--Self Complexity
• VIII. Early applications of cognitive approaches to personality and clinical psychology

Prerequisites:

• 1) Individual Differences:
  • Brody, N. (1988) Personality: in search of individuality. Academic Press, New York.
  • Cook, M. (1993). Levels of Personality. London: Cassell.
  • Eysenck, H.J. and Eysenck, M.W. Personality and individual differences: a natural science approach. Plenum: New York.
• 2) Research Design and Statistics:
• 3) Cognitive Psychology

How to view the reading list:

This reading list can be seen as a general set of readings about cognitive psychology, human motivation, and personality theories that apply to these two fields. Not all of the readings are equally important. References in bold face are considered important and are well worth reading. The other readings are useful background if you want to explore a particular area in more depth. Most of the items are meant to supplement your understanding of each particular area.

Additional readings will be added to the list as the class progresses.

General Comment:

Questions are encouraged. Remember, you probably are just as confused as your colleagues. Do not believe that you are the only person who does not understand. The overriding purpose of this course is to help you understand some of the of fundamentals of cognitive and motivational theory. Please ask questions if you do not understand. In the unlikely case that you are the only person who does not understand something, then see me after class or during office hours for further help.

General References

• 1) Overviews
  • Personality theory:
    • Revelle, W. Personality processes , 46, 1995.
    • Funder, D., Parke, R. D., Tomlinson-Keasey, C., & Widaman, K. (Ed.).(1993). Studying lives through time. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association.
    • Heatherton, T., & Weinberger, J. (Ed.). (1994).Can personality change? Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
    • Nyborg, H. (Ed). (1997). The scientific study of human nature: Tribute to Hans Eysenck at eighty. Oxford; Elsevier (Pergamon).
    • Pervin, LA. (Ed.). (1990a). Handbook of Personality: theory and research. New York: Guilford.
    • Bem, D. (1992) On the uncommon wisdom of our lay personality theory: A book review essay on Ross & Nisbett, The Person and the situation: perspectives of social psychology.Psychological Inquiry, 3, 82-84.
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Motivation
• 2) Recent review articles on personality and cognition From the Annual Review of Psychology These reviews are excellent starting points for background in a particular area.
  • Hartup, W. W. & van Lieshhout, C.F.M. Personality Development in Social Context, 46, 1995.
  • Revelle, W. Personality processes , 46, 1995.
  • Rose, R.J. Genes and Human Behavior, 46, 1995.
  • Mathews, A. & MacLeod, C. Cognitive approaches to emotion and emotional disorders. 45, 1994.
  • Banaji, M.R. & Prentice, D.A., The self in social context. 45, 1994
  • Wiggins, J. S. & Pincus, A. L. Personality: Structure and Assessment,43, 1992.
  • Schmidt, F. L., Ones, D. S., & Hunter, J. E. Personnel selection, 43, 1992.
  • Plomin, R. & Rende, R. Human Behavioral Genetics, 42, 1991.
  • Widiger, T. A. & Trull, T. J., Diagnosis and clinical assessment, 42,1991.
  • Digman, J. M. Personality Structure: emergence of the five-factor model,41, 1990.
  • Carson, R.C. Personality, 40, 1989.
  • Pervin, L.A. Personality: Current Controversies, Issues, and Directions, 36, 1985.
  • Lanyon, R.I. Personality Assessment. 35, 1984.
  • Zedeck, S. and Cascio, W.F. Psychological Issues in Personnel Decisions.35, 1984.
  • Rorer, L.G. & Widiger, T.A. Personality Structure and Assessment. 34,1983.
  • Eysenck, H.J., Wakefield, J.A., & Friedman, A.F. Diagnosis and Clinical Assessment. 34, 1983.
  • Jackson, D.N. and Paunonen, S.V. Personality Structure and Assessment.31, 1980.
  • Carroll, J.B. and Maxwell, S.E. Individual Differences in Cognitive Abilities. 30, 1979.
• 3. Periodicals
  • New Research
    • Journal of Abnormal Psychology (personality and psychopathology)
    • Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
    • Journal of Research in Personality
    • Personality and Individual Differences
    • European Journal of Personality
    • Journal of Personality
    • Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
    • Science has research articles relevant to personality and behavior genetics. Although some of the journal is available to non-members, members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science have full web access to Science, as well as number of other journals, including the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
  • Reviews and theory
    • Psychological Bulletin (reviews of recent research)
    • Psychological Review (theoretical articles)
    • Behavioral and Brain Sciences (theoretical reviews -- some back issues are online)
    • Psycoloquy (online)
    • American Psychologist (reviews of broad issues)
    • Personality and Social Psychology Review
  • Methodology
    • Psychometrika (methodology of psychological measurement)
    • Applied Psychological Measurement (methodology with some applications)
    • Multivariate Behavioral Research (methodology with applications)
    • Journal of Statistics Education is a refereed on-line journal concerning teaching statistics.
    • Psychological Assessement(analyses of current psychological tests)
  • Cognitive
    • Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
    • Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
    • Cognition and Emotion
• 4. General Texts:
  • Personality
    • Eysenck, H.J. (1970) The structure of human personality (3rd ed.) London:Methuen.
    • Cattell, R.B. (1957) Personality and motivation: structure and measurement. Yonkers-on-Hudson: World Book Co.
    • Cattell, R.B. (1966) Handbook of Multivariate experimental psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
    • Cattell, R.B. and Kline, P.(1977) The Scientific Analysis of Personality and Motivation. London: Academic Press.
    • Herrnstein, R. J. & Murray, C. (1994) The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. Free Press.
    • Pervin, LA. (Ed.). (1990a). Handbook of Personality: theory and research. New York: Guilford.
  • Cognition
  • Motivation
    • Ford, M. E. (1992). Motivating humans: goals, emotions and personal agency beliefs. Newbury Park: Sage.
  • 5. Special Issues:

Course Outline and Associated Readings

I. Individual differences and experimental psychology: One or two disciplines?

• Cronbach, L.J. (1957) The two disciplines of scientific psychology. American Psychologist, 12, 671-684.
• Cronbach, L.J. (1975) Beyond the two disciplines of scientific psychology. American Psychologist, 30, 116-127.
• Vale and Vale. (1969) Individual differences and general laws in psychology: a reconciliation. American Psychologist, 24, 1093-1108.
• Eysenck, H.J. (1966) Personality and experimental psychology. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 19, 1-28.

II. Personality Taxonomies and Personality Structure

• Revelle, W. Personality processes ,Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 1995.
• Personality taxonomies and personality theories: general agreement that 4-7 dimensions does a pretty good job of describing others
• A taxonomy of taxonomies
  • Descriptive - The Big 5: concern is with finding the regularities in behavior rather than explaining them
  • Causal: what are the mechanisms that lead to dimensions --"Even Bigger 3"

III.Individual differences in cognitive ability: Intelligence

• Hunt, E. (1995) The role of intelligence in modern society. American Scientist is a very thoughtful (and online) treatment of the intelligence.
• The 1997 issue of Intelligence is a special issue devoted to Intelligence and Social Policy. Vol 24, 1-320. See particularly:
  • Plomin, R. and Petrill, S.A. (1997) Genetics and intelligence: What's new?. Intelligence, 24, 53-78.
  • Gottfredson, L. S. (1997) Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life. Intelligence, 24, 79-132.
• Saklofske, D. H. & Zeidner, M. (1995). International handbook of personality and intelligence. New York: Plenum.
• Sternberg, R. J. & Ruzgis, P. (1994) Personality and Intelligence. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
• Herrnstein R. J. and Murray, C. The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, New York: Free Press, 1994. (reviewed in Contemporary Psychology, May,1995 by Bouchard and Dorfman.)
• Information about achievement tests, including ERIC's test locator and A glossary of terms is available from ERIC.
• The APA page on testing and assessment contains a set of links and articles on the use of tests in society.
• Werner Wittman's challenge of "gMania" given at the ISSID meeting in 1997 discusses how predictability is a joint function of the breadth of the criterion and the breadth of the predictor.
• For an early description of an ambitious project to examine QTL of IQ, see Plomin R, McClearn GE, Smith DL, Vignetti S, Chorney MJ, Chorney K, Venditti CP, Kasarda S, Thompson LA, Detterman DK, et al (1994) DNA markers associated with high versus low IQ: the IQ Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Project. Behav Genet 1994 Mar;24(2):107-118 (Abstract)
• The heritability of IQ remains high throughout the lifespan:
  • McClearn GE, Johansson B, Berg S, Pedersen NL, Ahern F, Petrill SA, Plomin R (1997) Substantial genetic influence on cognitive abilities in twins 80 or more years old. Science 1997 Jun 6;276(5318):1560-1563
  • Plomin R, Pedersen NL, Lichtenstein P, McClearn GE (1994) Variability and stability in cognitive abilities are largely genetic later in life. Behav Genet 1994 May;24(3):207-215
• The relationship between personality, interests, and intelligence
  • Ackerman, P.L. (1997) Intelligence, personality, and interests: evidence for overlapping traits. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 219-245. (Abstract)

IV: Cognitive Resource Theory

Cognitive Resources
• Memory
  • Taxonomies of Memory
    • Tulving, E. (1993) Varieties of consciousness and levels of awareness in memory. (In Baddeley and Weiskrantz, 1993).
  • Models of Working Memory
    • Baddeley, A. (1993) Working memory or working attention. (In Baddeley and Weiskrantz, 1993).
  • Memory and clinical phenomena- false memories
    • Lynn, S. J. and Payne, D. G. (1997) Memory as the theater of the Past: The Psychology of false memories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6, 55.
    • Payne, D.G., Neuschataz, J.S., Lampinen, J.M., and Lynn, S.J. (1997) Compelling memory illusions: The qualitatitive characteristics of false memories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6, 56-60.
    • Loftus, E. F. Memrory for a past that never was.(1997) Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6, 60-65.
    • Shobe, K.K. and Kihlstrom, J.F. Is traumatic memory special? (1997) Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6, 70-74.
    • Bruck, M. and Ceci, S.J. The suggestibility of young children. (1997) Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6, 75-79.
    • Lynn, S.G., Lock, T.G., Myers, B. and Payne,D.G. (1997). Recalling the unrecallable: should hypnosis be used to recover memories in psychotherapy. (1997) Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6, 79-83.
• Attention
  • Moray, N. Designing for attention. (In Baddeley and Weiskrantz, 1993).

V: Personality and Motivational effects as limitations of resources

• Revelle, W. (1993). Individual differences in personality and motivation: 'Non-cognitive' determinants of cognitive performance. In A. Baddeley & L. Weiskrantz (Eds.), Attention: Selection, awareness and control: A tribute to Donald Broadbent (pp. 346-373). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Humphreys, M.S., & Revelle, W. (1984). Personality, motivation, and performance: a theory of the relationship between individual differences and information processing. Psychological Review, 91, 153-184.
• Revelle, W. and Anderson, K.J. (1992) Models for the testing of theory. In A. Gale and M.W. Eysenck (Eds.) Handbook of Individual Differences: Biological Perspectives. Wiley: Chichester, England.
• Revelle, W. (1989) Personality, Motivation, and Cognitive Performance. P. Ackerman, R., and R. Cudeck (Eds.): Learning and Individual Differences: Abilities, Motivation, and Methodology. Erlbaum. (pp. 297-341).
• Revelle, W. (1987) Personality and motivation: sources of inefficiency in cognitive performance. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 436-452.
• Leon, M.R., & Revelle, W. (1985) The effects of anxiety on analogical reasoning: a test of three theoretical models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1302-1315.
• Kanfer R, Heggestad ED, (1997) Motivational traits and skills: A person-centered approach to work motivation. Research in Organizational Behavior. 19: 1-56.
• Ackerman PL, (1997) Personality, self-concept, interests, and intelligence: Which construct doesn't fit? Journal of Personality. 65: (2) 171-204 JUN 1997

VI: Cognitive Contents and Personality

• Personality and psychopathology: biases in processing
  • Mathews, A. & MacLeod, C. (1994) Cognitive approaches to emotion and emotional disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 25-50.
  • Williams JM, Mathews A, MacLeod C. (1996) The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychol Bull ;120(1):3-24
• non-conscious influences on cognitive processing
  • Bargh JA, Chen M, Burrows L. (1996) Automaticity of social behavior: direct effects of trait construct and stereotype-activation on action. J Pers Soc Psychol;71(2):230-244
  • Bargh JA, Gollwitzer PM (1994) Environmental control of goal-directed action: automatic and strategic contingencies between situations and behavior. Nebr Symp Motiv ;41:71-124
  • Bargh, J.A., Gollwitzer, P.M, Chai, A.L., and Barndollar, K. (unpublished). Bypassing the will: nonconscious self-regulation through atuomatic goal pursuit.
• Self theories
  • Markus, H.

VII: Structural Properties of Cognition--Self Complexity

• Linville

VIII. Early applications of cognitive approaches to personality and clinical psychology

• 1) Personal construct theory and the REP test
  • Kelly, G. A. (1955) The psychology of personal constructs. Norton.
  • Wish, M. Deutsch, M., & Biener, L. (1972) Differences in perceived similarity of nations. In Romney, et al. Multidimensional scaling, Vol. 2.
• Dawes, R.M. Faust, D. & Meehl, P. (1989) Clinical versus actuarial judgment Science, 243, 1668-1674.